A mortgage is the contract between you and a lender, who agrees to loan you an amount of money to purchase or refinance a property. It sets out the terms and conditions of how a lender will provide you with the money you need to buy your house or flat. This will include all your personal details, covering things like: the term (the period of time over which you'll pay the money back) and the interest rate (the rate of interest the lender will charge you for the loan). In the simplest terms, you're promising the lender you won't spend the money on something else, and that over time you'll pay it back.
A mortgage loan can cover most of the money you need to buy your dream home, as long as you can provide a deposit (an amount of cash upfront). The deposit will usually need to be at least 5% of the value of the property you want to buy (although most lenders ask for 10% or more). For example, to get a mortgage on a £300,000 house you might need a 5% deposit of £15,000, or a 10% deposit of £30,000.
The mortgage loan then covers the rest of the property value. So if your deposit is 5%, a mortgage would cover 95% of the property value. If your deposit is 10%, a mortgage would cover 90% of the property valu. You get the picture. In our example with a £300,000 house, you’d need a mortgage of £285,000 if your deposit was 5%, and a mortgage of £270,000 if you put down 10%. The size of deposit you can put in compared to the size of the mortgage is known as the loan to value ratio (or LTV). LTV is one way that lenders work out how risky it is to lend to you. To a lender, a low LTV (bigger deposit, smaller loan) means a lower risk customer.
That’s why you’ll often see lenders offer lower mortgage interest rates to customers with bigger deposits – because they see those customers as less of a lending risk. (Interest is essentially the fee that you pay to “hire” the lender’s money. It’s charged as a percentage of what you owe in total.) If you’ve put in a bigger deposit (meaning a lower risk to the lender), your mortgage interest rate will typically be lower. If you’ve put in a smaller deposit (meaning a higher risk to the lender), your interest will be higher.
A mortgage loan is usually paid back over at least 25 years (though there are lots of different deal lengths), so it’s a long-term financial commitment. Not necessarily a bad thing — just worth thinking about before you sign on the dotted line.
A mortgage is what’s known as a secured loan. Basically, to protect their money, your lender continues to own part of your home until you’ve fully repaid your mortgage. That means your home could be repossessed if you can’t keep up with monthly payments.
Let’s take a look at the different types of mortgage available in the UK.
The vast majority of mortgages available on the market are repayment mortgages. This means that each month you’ll pay back a chunk of your mortgage loan, plus any interest (the fee your lender is charging you to “hire” their money).
With a repayment mortgage, you’re aiming to pay off the full amount you borrowed by the end of the mortgage term (usually 25 years or so).
If you have an interest only mortgage, your monthly payments will only cover the interest on your loan. You’ll still need to pay off the full amount you borrowed at the end of the mortgage term.
Why go for an interest only mortgage? Well, you might decide that you’d rather pay off your loan all at once, using something like your savings or shares. Also, most buy-to-let mortgages are interest only (that’s the type of mortgage you get for a property you’re letting out, rather than living in).
A fixed rate mortgage deal means that your monthly payments stay the same for a fixed period of time. This is usually between 1 and 5 years (although with the Habito One mortgage, you can actually fix the price of your payments for the whole mortgage term).
You might choose a fixed rate mortgage if you want a bit more certainty in your finances. It’s easier to budget if you know exactly what you’ll be paying for the next few years.
Once your fixed rate mortgage deal has ended, your lender will usually transfer you automatically to a variable rate mortgage. This means that your monthly interest payments aren’t guaranteed to stay the same any more: they will change according to your lender’s standard variable rate (SVR).
Your lender sets their standard variable rate by looking at the Bank of England’s base rate (that’s the interest rate your lender is paying to borrow money from the Bank of England) and other factors, like the level of risk involved.
So, with a variable rate mortgage, your interest payments can go up and down – which means you may end up paying less (awesome) or you may end up paying more (not quite so awesome).
If you want to get off your lender’s standard variable rate, which most people do, you can remortgage to get a new fixed rate mortgage deal. Or you could go for a special kind of variable rate mortgage deal:
our interest payments follow (or “track”) the Bank of England’s base rate exactly, plus or minus a set percentage decided by your lender. For example, if the base rate is 0.5% and your lender’s set percentage is 1%, you’d be paying 1.5% interest. Because this deal follows the base rate, you may end up paying less than with other variable rate deals.
Interest payments are set at a certain percentage lower than your lender’s standard variable rate. This discount is usually 1-2%.
Interest payments change according to the standard variable rate, but they’re guaranteed not to rise above a certain level (they’re “capped”).
Like fixed rate mortgage deals, these variable rate deals will last for a set number of years before your lender puts you back on the standard variable rate.
That’s right, there’s more. There are mortgages out there for specific financial or life situations, like if you’re a first-time buyer or you want to get a mortgage with a friend. Here are a few.
Also called sub-prime or bad credit mortgages, some specialist lenders offer adverse credit mortgage deals designed for people who’ve struggled with their finances in their past. This means that, even if you have a poor credit score you may still be able to get a mortgage
A mortgage deal that will help you buy a property to rent out as an investment. Many of these deals are interest only (meaning you only have to cover the monthly interest payments on the property, not loan repayments, though of course you’ll need to pay back the whole mortgage at the end of the term).
This kind of mortgage may help you buy a home if your financial circumstances aren’t ideal. With this mortgage, you’ll need to name someone as your guarantor – and that guarantor will be legally obliged to cover your mortgage repayments if you can’t. Often, a guarantor will be a close family member or trusted friend.
You may be able to get financial help from the government to buy a home, with one of their affordable home ownership schemes.
A joint mortgage means that you take out a mortgage with someone else (like a partner, family member, or friend) and you’re both responsible for repaying that mortgage. Some lenders will let you take out a joint mortgage as a group of up to 4 people.
A lifetime mortgage lets you take out a second loan, on top of your mortgage, that’s secured on your home – in exchange for part ownership of your property. The loan only needs to be repaid after you’ve died or gone into care.
With an offset mortgage, you put savings into a special savings account that’s linked to your mortgage. However much you save in that account, your lender won’t charge you interest on the equivalent amount of your mortgage debt. So if you’ve saved £20,000 and you have £80,000 left on your mortgage, you’ll only pay interest on £60,000 of it.
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